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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>gitglossary(7) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>gitglossary - A Git Glossary</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>*</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_alternate_object_database"></a>alternate object database</dt>
<dd>
<p>Via the alternates mechanism, a <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>
can inherit part of its <a href="#def_object_database">object database</a>
from another object database, which is called an "alternate".</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_bare_repository"></a>bare repository</dt>
<dd>
<p>A bare repository is normally an appropriately
named <a href="#def_directory">directory</a> with a .<code>git</code> suffix that does not
have a locally checked-out copy of any of the files under
revision control. That is, all of the Git
administrative and control files that would normally be present in the
hidden .<code>git</code> sub-directory are directly present in the
<code>repository.git</code> directory instead,
and no other files are present and checked out. Usually publishers of
public repositories make bare repositories available.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_blob_object"></a>blob object</dt>
<dd>
<p>Untyped <a href="#def_object">object</a>, e.g. the contents of a file.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_branch"></a>branch</dt>
<dd>
<p>A "branch" is a line of development.  The most recent
<a href="#def_commit">commit</a> on a branch is referred to as the tip of
that branch.  The tip of the branch is <a href="#def_ref">referenced</a> by a branch
<a href="#def_head">head</a>, which moves forward as additional development
is done on the branch.  A single Git
<a href="#def_repository">repository</a> can track an arbitrary number of
branches, but your <a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> is
associated with just one of them (the "current" or "checked out"
branch), and <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> points to that branch.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_cache"></a>cache</dt>
<dd>
<p>Obsolete for: <a href="#def_index">index</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_chain"></a>chain</dt>
<dd>
<p>A list of objects, where each <a href="#def_object">object</a> in the list contains
a reference to its successor (for example, the successor of a
<a href="#def_commit">commit</a> could be one of its <a href="#def_parent">parents</a>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_changeset"></a>changeset</dt>
<dd>
<p>BitKeeper/cvsps speak for "<a href="#def_commit">commit</a>". Since Git does not
store changes, but states, it really does not make sense to use the term
"changesets" with Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_checkout"></a>checkout</dt>
<dd>
<p>The action of updating all or part of the
<a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> with a <a href="#def_tree_object">tree object</a>
or <a href="#def_blob_object">blob</a> from the
<a href="#def_object_database">object database</a>, and updating the
<a href="#def_index">index</a> and <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> if the whole working tree has
been pointed at a new <a href="#def_branch">branch</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_cherry-picking"></a>cherry-picking</dt>
<dd>
<p>In <a href="#def_SCM">SCM</a> jargon, "cherry pick" means to choose a subset of
changes out of a series of changes (typically commits) and record them
as a new series of changes on top of a different codebase. In Git, this is
performed by the "git cherry-pick" command to extract the change introduced
by an existing <a href="#def_commit">commit</a> and to record it based on the tip
of the current <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> as a new commit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_clean"></a>clean</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> is clean, if it
corresponds to the <a href="#def_revision">revision</a> referenced by the current
<a href="#def_head">head</a>. Also see "<a href="#def_dirty">dirty</a>".</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit"></a>commit</dt>
<dd>
<p>As a noun: A single point in the
Git history; the entire history of a project is represented as a
set of interrelated commits.  The word "commit" is often
used by Git in the same places other revision control systems
use the words "revision" or "version".  Also used as a short
hand for <a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a verb: The action of storing a new snapshot of the project&#8217;s
state in the Git history, by creating a new commit representing the current
state of the <a href="#def_index">index</a> and advancing <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a>
to point at the new commit.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit_graph_general"></a>commit graph concept, representations and usage</dt>
<dd>
<p>A synonym for the <a href="#def_DAG">DAG</a> structure formed by the commits
in the object database, <a href="#def_ref">referenced</a> by branch tips,
using their <a href="#def_chain">chain</a> of linked commits.
This structure is the definitive commit graph. The
graph can be represented in other ways, e.g. the
<a href="#def_commit_graph_file">"commit-graph" file</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit_graph_file"></a>commit-graph file</dt>
<dd>
<p>The "commit-graph" (normally hyphenated) file is a supplemental
representation of the <a href="#def_commit_graph_general">commit graph</a>
which accelerates commit graph walks. The "commit-graph" file is
stored either in the .git/objects/info directory or in the info
directory of an alternate object database.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit_object"></a>commit object</dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="#def_object">object</a> which contains the information about a
particular <a href="#def_revision">revision</a>, such as <a href="#def_parent">parents</a>, committer,
author, date and the <a href="#def_tree_object">tree object</a> which corresponds
to the top <a href="#def_directory">directory</a> of the stored
revision.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_commit-ish"></a>commit-ish (also committish)</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a> or an <a href="#def_object">object</a> that
can be recursively <a href="#def_dereference">dereferenced</a> to a commit object.
The following are all commit-ishes:
a commit object,
a <a href="#def_tag_object">tag object</a> that points to a commit
object,
a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a
commit object,
etc.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_core_git"></a>core Git</dt>
<dd>
<p>Fundamental data structures and utilities of Git. Exposes only limited
source code management tools.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_DAG"></a>DAG</dt>
<dd>
<p>Directed acyclic graph. The <a href="#def_commit_object">commit objects</a> form a
directed acyclic graph, because they have parents (directed), and the
graph of commit objects is acyclic (there is no <a href="#def_chain">chain</a>
which begins and ends with the same <a href="#def_object">object</a>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_dangling_object"></a>dangling object</dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="#def_unreachable_object">unreachable object</a> which is not
<a href="#def_reachable">reachable</a> even from other unreachable objects; a
dangling object has no references to it from any
reference or <a href="#def_object">object</a> in the <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_dereference"></a>dereference</dt>
<dd>
<p>Referring to a <a href="#def_symref">symbolic ref</a>: the action of accessing the
<a href="#def_ref">reference</a> pointed at by a symbolic ref. Recursive
dereferencing involves repeating the aforementioned process on the
resulting ref until a non-symbolic reference is found.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referring to a <a href="#def_tag_object">tag object</a>: the action of accessing the
<a href="#def_object">object</a> a tag points at. Tags are recursively dereferenced by
repeating the operation on the result object until the result has either a
specified <a href="#def_object_type">object type</a> (where applicable) or any non-"tag"
object type. A synonym for "recursive dereference" in the context of tags is
"<a href="#def_peel">peel</a>".</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Referring to a <a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a>: the action of accessing
the commit&#8217;s tree object. Commits cannot be dereferenced recursively.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Unless otherwise specified, "dereferencing" as it used in the context of Git
commands or protocols is implicitly recursive.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_detached_HEAD"></a>detached HEAD</dt>
<dd>
<p>Normally the <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> stores the name of a
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a>, and commands that operate on the
history HEAD represents operate on the history leading to the
tip of the branch the HEAD points at.  However, Git also
allows you to <a href="#def_checkout">check out</a> an arbitrary
<a href="#def_commit">commit</a> that isn&#8217;t necessarily the tip of any
particular branch.  The HEAD in such a state is called
"detached".</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that commands that operate on the history of the current branch
(e.g. <code>git</code> <code>commit</code> to build a new history on top of it) still work
while the HEAD is detached. They update the HEAD to point at the tip
of the updated history without affecting any branch.  Commands that
update or inquire information <em>about</em> the current branch (e.g. <code>git</code>
<code>branch</code> <code>--set-upstream-to</code> that sets what remote-tracking branch the
current branch integrates with) obviously do not work, as there is no
(real) current branch to ask about in this state.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_directory"></a>directory</dt>
<dd>
<p>The list you get with "ls" :-)</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_dirty"></a>dirty</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> is said to be "dirty" if
it contains modifications which have not been <a href="#def_commit">committed</a> to the current
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_evil_merge"></a>evil merge</dt>
<dd>
<p>An evil merge is a <a href="#def_merge">merge</a> that introduces changes that
do not appear in any <a href="#def_parent">parent</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_fast_forward"></a>fast-forward</dt>
<dd>
<p>A fast-forward is a special type of <a href="#def_merge">merge</a> where you have a
<a href="#def_revision">revision</a> and you are "merging" another
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a>'s changes that happen to be a descendant of what
you have. In such a case, you do not make a new <a href="#def_merge">merge</a>
<a href="#def_commit">commit</a> but instead just update your branch to point at the same
revision as the branch you are merging. This will happen frequently on a
<a href="#def_remote_tracking_branch">remote-tracking branch</a> of a remote
<a href="#def_repository">repository</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_fetch"></a>fetch</dt>
<dd>
<p>Fetching a <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> means to get the
branch&#8217;s <a href="#def_head_ref">head ref</a> from a remote
<a href="#def_repository">repository</a>, to find out which objects are
missing from the local <a href="#def_object_database">object database</a>,
and to get them, too.  See also <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_file_system"></a>file system</dt>
<dd>
<p>Linus Torvalds originally designed Git to be a user space file system,
i.e. the infrastructure to hold files and directories. That ensured the
efficiency and speed of Git.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_git_archive"></a>Git archive</dt>
<dd>
<p>Synonym for <a href="#def_repository">repository</a> (for arch people).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_gitfile"></a>gitfile</dt>
<dd>
<p>A plain file .<code>git</code> at the root of a working tree that
points at the directory that is the real repository.
For proper use see <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a> or <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>.
For syntax see <a href="gitrepository-layout.html">gitrepository-layout(5)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_grafts"></a>grafts</dt>
<dd>
<p>Grafts enable two otherwise different lines of development to be joined
together by recording fake ancestry information for commits. This way
you can make Git pretend the set of <a href="#def_parent">parents</a> a <a href="#def_commit">commit</a> has
is different from what was recorded when the commit was
created. Configured via the .<code>git/info/grafts</code> file.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that the grafts mechanism is outdated and can lead to problems
transferring objects between repositories; see <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>
for a more flexible and robust system to do the same thing.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_hash"></a>hash</dt>
<dd>
<p>In Git&#8217;s context, synonym for <a href="#def_object_name">object name</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_head"></a>head</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_ref">named reference</a> to the <a href="#def_commit">commit</a> at the tip of a
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a>.  Heads are stored in a file in
<code>$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/</code> directory, except when using packed refs. (See
<a href="git-pack-refs.html">git-pack-refs(1)</a>.)</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_HEAD"></a>HEAD</dt>
<dd>
<p>The current <a href="#def_branch">branch</a>.  In more detail: Your <a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a> is normally derived from the state of the tree
referred to by HEAD.  HEAD is a reference to one of the
<a href="#def_head">heads</a> in your repository, except when using a
<a href="#def_detached_HEAD">detached HEAD</a>, in which case it directly
references an arbitrary commit.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_head_ref"></a>head ref</dt>
<dd>
<p>A synonym for <a href="#def_head">head</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_hook"></a>hook</dt>
<dd>
<p>During the normal execution of several Git commands, call-outs are made
to optional scripts that allow a developer to add functionality or
checking. Typically, the hooks allow for a command to be pre-verified
and potentially aborted, and allow for a post-notification after the
operation is done. The hook scripts are found in the
<code>$GIT_DIR/hooks/</code> directory, and are enabled by simply
removing the .<code>sample</code> suffix from the filename. In earlier versions
of Git you had to make them executable.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_index"></a>index</dt>
<dd>
<p>A collection of files with stat information, whose contents are stored
as objects. The index is a stored version of your
<a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a>. Truth be told, it can also contain a second, and even
a third version of a working tree, which are used
when <a href="#def_merge">merging</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_index_entry"></a>index entry</dt>
<dd>
<p>The information regarding a particular file, stored in the
<a href="#def_index">index</a>. An index entry can be unmerged, if a
<a href="#def_merge">merge</a> was started, but not yet finished (i.e. if
the index contains multiple versions of that file).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_master"></a>master</dt>
<dd>
<p>The default development <a href="#def_branch">branch</a>. Whenever you
create a Git <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>, a branch named
"master" is created, and becomes the active branch. In most
cases, this contains the local development, though that is
purely by convention and is not required.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_merge"></a>merge</dt>
<dd>
<p>As a verb: To bring the contents of another
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a> (possibly from an external
<a href="#def_repository">repository</a>) into the current branch.  In the
case where the merged-in branch is from a different repository,
this is done by first <a href="#def_fetch">fetching</a> the remote branch
and then merging the result into the current branch.  This
combination of fetch and merge operations is called a
<a href="#def_pull">pull</a>.  Merging is performed by an automatic process
that identifies changes made since the branches diverged, and
then applies all those changes together.  In cases where changes
conflict, manual intervention may be required to complete the
merge.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a noun: unless it is a <a href="#def_fast_forward">fast-forward</a>, a
successful merge results in the creation of a new <a href="#def_commit">commit</a>
representing the result of the merge, and having as
<a href="#def_parent">parents</a> the tips of the merged <a href="#def_branch">branches</a>.
This commit is referred to as a "merge commit", or sometimes just a
"merge".</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object"></a>object</dt>
<dd>
<p>The unit of storage in Git. It is uniquely identified by the
<a href="#def_SHA1">SHA-1</a> of its contents. Consequently, an
object cannot be changed.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object_database"></a>object database</dt>
<dd>
<p>Stores a set of "objects", and an individual <a href="#def_object">object</a> is
identified by its <a href="#def_object_name">object name</a>. The objects usually
live in <code>$GIT_DIR/objects/</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object_identifier"></a>object identifier (oid)</dt>
<dd>
<p>Synonym for <a href="#def_object_name">object name</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object_name"></a>object name</dt>
<dd>
<p>The unique identifier of an <a href="#def_object">object</a>.  The
object name is usually represented by a 40 character
hexadecimal string.  Also colloquially called <a href="#def_SHA1">SHA-1</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_object_type"></a>object type</dt>
<dd>
<p>One of the identifiers "<a href="#def_commit_object">commit</a>",
"<a href="#def_tree_object">tree</a>", "<a href="#def_tag_object">tag</a>" or
"<a href="#def_blob_object">blob</a>" describing the type of an
<a href="#def_object">object</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_octopus"></a>octopus</dt>
<dd>
<p>To <a href="#def_merge">merge</a> more than two <a href="#def_branch">branches</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_orphan"></a>orphan</dt>
<dd>
<p>The act of getting on a <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> that does not
exist yet (i.e., an <a href="#def_unborn">unborn</a> branch).  After
such an operation, the commit first created becomes a commit
without a parent, starting a new history.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_origin"></a>origin</dt>
<dd>
<p>The default upstream <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>. Most projects have
at least one upstream project which they track. By default
<em>origin</em> is used for that purpose. New upstream updates
will be fetched into <a href="#def_remote_tracking_branch">remote-tracking branches</a> named
origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using
<code>git</code> <code>branch</code> <code>-r</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_overlay"></a>overlay</dt>
<dd>
<p>Only update and add files to the working directory, but don&#8217;t
delete them, similar to how <em>cp -R</em> would update the contents
in the destination directory.  This is the default mode in a
<a href="#def_checkout">checkout</a> when checking out files from the
<a href="#def_index">index</a> or a <a href="#def_tree-ish">tree-ish</a>.  In
contrast, no-overlay mode also deletes tracked files not
present in the source, similar to <em>rsync --delete</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_pack"></a>pack</dt>
<dd>
<p>A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space
or to transmit them efficiently).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_pack_index"></a>pack index</dt>
<dd>
<p>The list of identifiers, and other information, of the objects in a
<a href="#def_pack">pack</a>, to assist in efficiently accessing the contents of a
pack.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_pathspec"></a>pathspec</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pattern used to limit paths in Git commands.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Pathspecs are used on the command line of "git ls-files", "git
ls-tree", "git add", "git grep", "git diff", "git checkout",
and many other commands to
limit the scope of operations to some subset of the tree or
working tree.  See the documentation of each command for whether
paths are relative to the current directory or toplevel.  The
pathspec syntax is as follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>any path matches itself</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>the pathspec up to the last slash represents a
directory prefix.  The scope of that pathspec is
limited to that subtree.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>the rest of the pathspec is a pattern for the remainder
of the pathname.  Paths relative to the directory
prefix will be matched against that pattern using fnmatch(3);
in particular, <em>*</em> and <em>?</em> <em>can</em> match directory separators.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, Documentation/*.jpg will match all .jpg files
in the Documentation subtree,
including Documentation/chapter_1/figure_1.jpg.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A pathspec that begins with a colon <code>:</code> has special meaning.  In the
short form, the leading colon <code>:</code> is followed by zero or more "magic
signature" letters (which optionally is terminated by another colon <code>:</code>),
and the remainder is the pattern to match against the path.
The "magic signature" consists of ASCII symbols that are neither
alphanumeric, glob, regex special characters nor colon.
The optional colon that terminates the "magic signature" can be
omitted if the pattern begins with a character that does not belong to
"magic signature" symbol set and is not a colon.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In the long form, the leading colon <code>:</code> is followed by an open
parenthesis (, a comma-separated list of zero or more "magic words",
and a close parentheses ), and the remainder is the pattern to match
against the path.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A pathspec with only a colon means "there is no pathspec". This form
should not be combined with other pathspec.</p>
</div>
<div class="openblock">
<div class="content">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">top</dt>
<dd>
<p>The magic word <code>top</code> (magic signature: <code>/</code>) makes the pattern
match from the root of the working tree, even when you are
running the command from inside a subdirectory.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">literal</dt>
<dd>
<p>Wildcards in the pattern such as <code>*</code> or ? are treated
as literal characters.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">icase</dt>
<dd>
<p>Case insensitive match.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">glob</dt>
<dd>
<p>Git treats the pattern as a shell glob suitable for
consumption by fnmatch(3) with the FNM_PATHNAME flag:
wildcards in the pattern will not match a / in the pathname.
For example, "Documentation/*.html" matches
"Documentation/git.html" but not "Documentation/ppc/ppc.html"
or "tools/perf/Documentation/perf.html".</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two consecutive asterisks ("<code>**</code>") in patterns matched against
full pathname may have special meaning:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>A leading "<code>**</code>" followed by a slash means match in all
directories. For example, "<code>**/foo</code>" matches file or directory
"<code>foo</code>" anywhere. "<code>**/foo/bar</code>" matches file or directory "<code>bar</code>"
anywhere that is directly under directory "<code>foo</code>".</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A trailing "<code>/**</code>" matches everything inside. For example,
"<code>abc/**</code>" matches all files inside directory "abc", relative
to the location of the .<code>gitignore</code> file, with infinite depth.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash
matches zero or more directories. For example, "<code>a/**/b</code>"
matches "<code>a/b</code>", "<code>a/x/b</code>", "<code>a/x/y/b</code>" and so on.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Other consecutive asterisks are considered invalid.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Glob magic is incompatible with literal magic.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">attr</dt>
<dd>
<p>After <code>attr:</code> comes a space separated list of "attribute
requirements", all of which must be met in order for the
path to be considered a match; this is in addition to the
usual non-magic pathspec pattern matching.
See <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Each of the attribute requirements for the path takes one of
these forms:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>"<code>ATTR</code>" requires that the attribute <code>ATTR</code> be set.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>"<code>-ATTR</code>" requires that the attribute <code>ATTR</code> be unset.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>"<code>ATTR=VALUE</code>" requires that the attribute <code>ATTR</code> be
set to the string <code>VALUE</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>"!ATTR" requires that the attribute <code>ATTR</code> be
unspecified.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that when matching against a tree object, attributes are still
obtained from working tree, not from the given tree object.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">exclude</dt>
<dd>
<p>After a path matches any non-exclude pathspec, it will be run
through all exclude pathspecs (magic signature: ! or its
synonym <code>^</code>). If it matches, the path is ignored.  When there
is no non-exclude pathspec, the exclusion is applied to the
result set as if invoked without any pathspec.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_parent"></a>parent</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a> contains a (possibly empty) list
of the logical predecessor(s) in the line of development, i.e. its
parents.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_peel"></a>peel</dt>
<dd>
<p>The action of recursively <a href="#def_dereference">dereferencing</a> a
<a href="#def_tag_object">tag object</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_pickaxe"></a>pickaxe</dt>
<dd>
<p>The term <a href="#def_pickaxe">pickaxe</a> refers to an option to the diffcore
routines that help select changes that add or delete a given text
string. With the <code>--pickaxe-all</code> option, it can be used to view the full
<a href="#def_changeset">changeset</a> that introduced or removed, say, a
particular line of text. See <a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_plumbing"></a>plumbing</dt>
<dd>
<p>Cute name for <a href="#def_core_git">core Git</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_porcelain"></a>porcelain</dt>
<dd>
<p>Cute name for programs and program suites depending on
<a href="#def_core_git">core Git</a>, presenting a high level access to
core Git. Porcelains expose more of a <a href="#def_SCM">SCM</a>
interface than the <a href="#def_plumbing">plumbing</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_per_worktree_ref"></a>per-worktree ref</dt>
<dd>
<p>Refs that are per-<a href="#def_worktree">worktree</a>, rather than
global.  This is presently only <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> and any refs
that start with <code>refs/bisect/</code>, but might later include other
unusual refs.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_pseudoref"></a>pseudoref</dt>
<dd>
<p>A ref that has different semantics than normal refs. These refs can be
read via normal Git commands, but cannot be written to by commands like
<a href="git-update-ref.html">git-update-ref(1)</a>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following pseudorefs are known to Git:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>FETCH_HEAD</code> is written by <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> or <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>. It
may refer to multiple object IDs. Each object ID is annotated with metadata
indicating where it was fetched from and its fetch status.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>MERGE_HEAD</code> is written by <a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a> when resolving merge
conflicts. It contains all commit IDs which are being merged.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_pull"></a>pull</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pulling a <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> means to <a href="#def_fetch">fetch</a> it and
<a href="#def_merge">merge</a> it.  See also <a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_push"></a>push</dt>
<dd>
<p>Pushing a <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> means to get the branch&#8217;s
<a href="#def_head_ref">head ref</a> from a remote <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>,
find out if it is an ancestor to the branch&#8217;s local
head ref, and in that case, putting all
objects, which are <a href="#def_reachable">reachable</a> from the local
head ref, and which are missing from the remote
repository, into the remote
<a href="#def_object_database">object database</a>, and updating the remote
head ref. If the remote <a href="#def_head">head</a> is not an
ancestor to the local head, the push fails.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_reachable"></a>reachable</dt>
<dd>
<p>All of the ancestors of a given <a href="#def_commit">commit</a> are said to be
"reachable" from that commit. More
generally, one <a href="#def_object">object</a> is reachable from
another if we can reach the one from the other by a <a href="#def_chain">chain</a>
that follows <a href="#def_tag">tags</a> to whatever they tag,
<a href="#def_commit_object">commits</a> to their parents or trees, and
<a href="#def_tree_object">trees</a> to the trees or <a href="#def_blob_object">blobs</a>
that they contain.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_reachability_bitmap"></a>reachability bitmaps</dt>
<dd>
<p>Reachability bitmaps store information about the
<a href="#def_reachable">reachability</a> of a selected set of commits in
a packfile, or a multi-pack index (MIDX), to speed up object search.
The bitmaps are stored in a ".bitmap" file. A repository may have at
most one bitmap file in use. The bitmap file may belong to either one
pack, or the repository&#8217;s multi-pack index (if it exists).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_rebase"></a>rebase</dt>
<dd>
<p>To reapply a series of changes from a <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> to a
different base, and reset the <a href="#def_head">head</a> of that branch
to the result.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_ref"></a>ref</dt>
<dd>
<p>A name that points to an <a href="#def_object_name">object name</a> or
another ref (the latter is called a <a href="#def_symref">symbolic ref</a>).
For convenience, a ref can sometimes be abbreviated when used
as an argument to a Git command; see <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>
for details.
Refs are stored in the <a href="#def_repository">repository</a>.</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The ref namespace is hierarchical.
Ref names must either start with <code>refs/</code> or be located in the root of
the hierarchy. For the latter, their name must follow these rules:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The name consists of only upper-case characters or underscores.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The name ends with "<code>_HEAD</code>" or is equal to "<code>HEAD</code>".</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are some irregular refs in the root of the hierarchy that do not
match these rules. The following list is exhaustive and shall not be
extended in the future:</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>AUTO_MERGE</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>BISECT_EXPECTED_REV</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>NOTES_MERGE_PARTIAL</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>NOTES_MERGE_REF</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>MERGE_AUTOSTASH</code></p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Different subhierarchies are used for different purposes. For example,
the <code>refs/heads/</code> hierarchy is used to represent local branches whereas
the <code>refs/tags/</code> hierarchy is used to represent local tags..</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_reflog"></a>reflog</dt>
<dd>
<p>A reflog shows the local "history" of a ref.  In other words,
it can tell you what the 3rd last revision in <em>this</em> repository
was, and what was the current state in <em>this</em> repository,
yesterday 9:14pm.  See <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a> for details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_refspec"></a>refspec</dt>
<dd>
<p>A "refspec" is used by <a href="#def_fetch">fetch</a> and
<a href="#def_push">push</a> to describe the mapping between remote
<a href="#def_ref">ref</a> and local ref. See <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> or
<a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> for details.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_remote"></a>remote repository</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_repository">repository</a> which is used to track the same
project but resides somewhere else. To communicate with remotes,
see <a href="#def_fetch">fetch</a> or <a href="#def_push">push</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_remote_tracking_branch"></a>remote-tracking branch</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_ref">ref</a> that is used to follow changes from another
<a href="#def_repository">repository</a>. It typically looks like
<em>refs/remotes/foo/bar</em> (indicating that it tracks a branch named
<em>bar</em> in a remote named <em>foo</em>), and matches the right-hand-side of
a configured fetch <a href="#def_refspec">refspec</a>. A remote-tracking
branch should not contain direct modifications or have local
commits made to it.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_repository"></a>repository</dt>
<dd>
<p>A collection of <a href="#def_ref">refs</a> together with an
<a href="#def_object_database">object database</a> containing all objects
which are <a href="#def_reachable">reachable</a> from the refs, possibly
accompanied by meta data from one or more <a href="#def_porcelain">porcelains</a>. A
repository can share an object database with other repositories
via <a href="#def_alternate_object_database">alternates mechanism</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_resolve"></a>resolve</dt>
<dd>
<p>The action of fixing up manually what a failed automatic
<a href="#def_merge">merge</a> left behind.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_revision"></a>revision</dt>
<dd>
<p>Synonym for <a href="#def_commit">commit</a> (the noun).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_rewind"></a>rewind</dt>
<dd>
<p>To throw away part of the development, i.e. to assign the
<a href="#def_head">head</a> to an earlier <a href="#def_revision">revision</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_SCM"></a>SCM</dt>
<dd>
<p>Source code management (tool).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_SHA1"></a>SHA-1</dt>
<dd>
<p>"Secure Hash Algorithm 1"; a cryptographic hash function.
In the context of Git used as a synonym for <a href="#def_object_name">object name</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_shallow_clone"></a>shallow clone</dt>
<dd>
<p>Mostly a synonym to <a href="#def_shallow_repository">shallow repository</a>
but the phrase makes it more explicit that it was created by
running <code>git</code> <code>clone</code> <code>--depth=..</code>. command.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_shallow_repository"></a>shallow repository</dt>
<dd>
<p>A shallow <a href="#def_repository">repository</a> has an incomplete
history some of whose <a href="#def_commit">commits</a> have <a href="#def_parent">parents</a> cauterized away (in other
words, Git is told to pretend that these commits do not have the
parents, even though they are recorded in the <a href="#def_commit_object">commit
object</a>). This is sometimes useful when you are interested only in the
recent history of a project even though the real history recorded in the
upstream is much larger. A shallow repository
is created by giving the <code>--depth</code> option to <a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a>, and
its history can be later deepened with <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_stash"></a>stash entry</dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="#def_object">object</a> used to temporarily store the contents of a
<a href="#def_dirty">dirty</a> working directory and the index for future reuse.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_submodule"></a>submodule</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_repository">repository</a> that holds the history of a
separate project inside another repository (the latter of
which is called <a href="#def_superproject">superproject</a>).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_superproject"></a>superproject</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_repository">repository</a> that references repositories
of other projects in its working tree as <a href="#def_submodule">submodules</a>.
The superproject knows about the names of (but does not hold
copies of) commit objects of the contained submodules.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_symref"></a>symref</dt>
<dd>
<p>Symbolic reference: instead of containing the <a href="#def_SHA1">SHA-1</a> id
itself, it is of the format <em>ref: refs/some/thing</em> and when referenced,
it recursively <a href="#def_dereference">dereferences</a> to this reference.
<em><a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a></em> is a prime example of a symref. Symbolic references
are manipulated with the <a href="git-symbolic-ref.html">git-symbolic-ref(1)</a> command.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_tag"></a>tag</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_ref">ref</a> under <code>refs/tags/</code> namespace that points to an
object of an arbitrary type (typically a tag points to either a
<a href="#def_tag_object">tag</a> or a <a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a>).
In contrast to a <a href="#def_head">head</a>, a tag is not updated by
the <code>commit</code> command. A Git tag has nothing to do with a Lisp
tag (which would be called an <a href="#def_object_type">object type</a>
in Git&#8217;s context). A tag is most typically used to mark a particular
point in the commit ancestry <a href="#def_chain">chain</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_tag_object"></a>tag object</dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="#def_object">object</a> containing a <a href="#def_ref">ref</a> pointing to
another object, which can contain a message just like a
<a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a>. It can also contain a (PGP)
signature, in which case it is called a "signed tag object".</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_topic_branch"></a>topic branch</dt>
<dd>
<p>A regular Git <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> that is used by a developer to
identify a conceptual line of development. Since branches are very easy
and inexpensive, it is often desirable to have several small branches
that each contain very well defined concepts or small incremental yet
related changes.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_trailer"></a>trailer</dt>
<dd>
<p>Key-value metadata.  Trailers are optionally found at the end of
a commit message.  Might be called "footers" or "tags" in other
communities.  See <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_tree"></a>tree</dt>
<dd>
<p>Either a <a href="#def_working_tree">working tree</a>, or a <a href="#def_tree_object">tree
object</a> together with the dependent <a href="#def_blob_object">blob</a> and tree objects
(i.e. a stored representation of a working tree).</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_tree_object"></a>tree object</dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="#def_object">object</a> containing a list of file names and modes along
with refs to the associated blob and/or tree objects. A
<a href="#def_tree">tree</a> is equivalent to a <a href="#def_directory">directory</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_tree-ish"></a>tree-ish (also treeish)</dt>
<dd>
<p>A <a href="#def_tree_object">tree object</a> or an <a href="#def_object">object</a> that can
be recursively <a href="#def_dereference">dereferenced</a> to a tree object.
Dereferencing a <a href="#def_commit_object">commit object</a> yields the tree
object corresponding to the <a href="#def_revision">revision</a>'s top
<a href="#def_directory">directory</a>.
The following are all tree-ishes:
a <a href="#def_commit-ish">commit-ish</a>,
a tree object,
a <a href="#def_tag_object">tag object</a> that points to a tree object,
a tag object that points to a tag object that points to a tree
object,
etc.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_unborn"></a>unborn</dt>
<dd>
<p>The <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> can point at a <a href="#def_branch">branch</a>
that does not yet exist and that does not have any commit on
it yet, and such a branch is called an unborn branch.  The
most typical way users encounter an unborn branch is by
creating a repository anew without cloning from elsewhere.
The HEAD would point at the <em>main</em> (or <em>master</em>, depending
on your configuration) branch that is yet to be born.  Also
some operations can get you on an unborn branch with their
<a href="#def_orphan">orphan</a> option.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_unmerged_index"></a>unmerged index</dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="#def_index">index</a> which contains unmerged
<a href="#def_index_entry">index entries</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_unreachable_object"></a>unreachable object</dt>
<dd>
<p>An <a href="#def_object">object</a> which is not <a href="#def_reachable">reachable</a> from a
<a href="#def_branch">branch</a>, <a href="#def_tag">tag</a>, or any other reference.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_upstream_branch"></a>upstream branch</dt>
<dd>
<p>The default <a href="#def_branch">branch</a> that is merged into the branch in
question (or the branch in question is rebased onto). It is configured
via branch.&lt;name&gt;.remote and branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge. If the upstream branch
of <em>A</em> is <em>origin/B</em> sometimes we say "<em>A</em> is tracking <em>origin/B</em>".</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_working_tree"></a>working tree</dt>
<dd>
<p>The tree of actual checked out files.  The working tree normally
contains the contents of the <a href="#def_HEAD">HEAD</a> commit&#8217;s tree,
plus any local changes that you have made but not yet committed.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><a id="def_worktree"></a>worktree</dt>
<dd>
<p>A repository can have zero (i.e. bare repository) or one or
more worktrees attached to it. One "worktree" consists of a
"working tree" and repository metadata, most of which are
shared among other worktrees of a single repository, and
some of which are maintained separately per worktree
(e.g. the index, HEAD and pseudorefs like MERGE_HEAD,
per-worktree refs and per-worktree configuration file).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="gittutorial.html">gittutorial(7)</a>,
<a href="gittutorial-2.html">gittutorial-2(7)</a>,
<a href="gitcvs-migration.html">gitcvs-migration(7)</a>,
<a href="giteveryday.html">giteveryday(7)</a>,
<a href="user-manual.html">The Git User&#8217;s Manual</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2025-08-19 08:53:03 UTC
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